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1 Judicial and Legal System
The 1976 Constitution and 1982 revisions provide for three fundamental courts, each with different functions, as well as other special courts, including a military court. The three principal courts are the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court of Justice, and Supreme Court of Administration. The Constitutional Court determines whether legislative acts (laws) are legal and constitutional. In addition, it ascertains the physical ability of the president of the Republic to perform duties of office, as well as to determine the constitutionality of international agreements. Ten of this court's members are selected by the Assembly of the Republic.The Supreme Court of Justice, the highest court of law, heads the court system and tries civil and criminal cases. It includes first courts to try cases and courts of appeal. The Supreme Court of Administration examines the administrative and fiscal conduct of government institutions. All matters concerning judges, including the power to discipline judges whose conduct does not comply with the law, are overseen by the Higher Council of the Bench and the Superior Council of the Administrative and Fiscal Courts. There is also an Ombudsman, elected for a four-year term by the Assembly of the Republic, who serves as chief civil and human rights officer of the country. This officer receives 3,000-4,000 complaints a year from citizens who dispute acts of the judicial and legal system.Portugal's system of laws is based on Roman civil law and has been shaped by the French legal system. Unlike common law in the American and British legal systems, Portugal's system of laws is based on a complete body of law so that judicial reason is deductive. Legal precedent, then, has little influence. Portuguese judges are viewed as civil servants simply applying the law from codes, not as a judiciary who interpret law. While the post-1974 judicial and legal system is freer and fairer than that under the Estado Novo dictatorship, it has received criticism on the grounds of being very slow, cumbersome, overburdened with cases, and sometimes corrupt. There has been a backlog of untried cases and long delays before trial because of vacant judgeships and inefficient operations.Under Portuguese criminal law, preventive detention for a maximum of four months is legal. Much longer preventive detention terms occur due to the trial backlog. Memories persist of legal abuses under the Estado Novo system, when suspects convicted of crimes against the state could be detained legally for periods of from six months to three years. Media sensationalism and the cited problems of the judicial system exacerbated tensions in recent high-profile trials, including the 2004-05 trial of a child prostitution and pedophile ring, tried in Lisbon, with suspects including a celebrated television personality and a former diplomat.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Judicial and Legal System
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2 authority
n1) власть2) полномочия; права3) pl власти; администрация; должностные лица4) авторитет, вес, влияние5) авторитет, крупный специалист6) авторитетный источник, надежный источник, заслуживающий доверия источник•to acknowledge smb's authority — признавать чей-л. авторитет
to act on one's own authority — действовать самостоятельно / по собственному почину / на свой страх и риск
to assert one's authority over smb — утверждать свою власть над кем-л.
to be in authority — возглавлять; быть во главе
to be under the authority of smb — находиться в чем-л. ведении
to bolster smb's authority — усиливать чью-л. власть
to buttress one's authority — укреплять свой авторитет
to challenge smb's authority — оспаривать чьи-л. полномочия
to consolidate one's authority — укреплять свою власть
to curtail smb's authority — ограничивать чью-л. власть
to delegate one's authority to smb — передавать свои полномочия кому-л.
to establish one's authority — утверждать свой авторитет
to exercise one's authority — пользоваться своими полномочия
to forfeit one's moral authority to do smth — утрачивать моральное право делать что-л.
to give authority — давать / предоставлять полномочия
to have authority — иметь власть, обладать властью
to have authority over / with smb — пользоваться авторитетом у кого-л.
to have the authority to do smth — иметь полномочия / разрешение делать что-л.
to overstep one's authority — превышать свои полномочия
to reassert one's authority — заново утверждать свой авторитет
to register with the authorities — официально зарегистрировать (партию, движение, организацию)
to reject smb's authority — не признавать чью-л. власть; отказываться подчиняться кому-л.; отрицать чей-л. авторитет
to release smb into the care of authorities — освобождать кого-л., передавая его властям
to side with the authorities — принимать / становиться на сторону властей
to surrender oneself to the authorities — сдаваться властям
- absolute authorityto undermine smb's authority — подрывать чей-л. авторитет / чью-л. власть
- additional authority
- administrative authorities
- appropriate authorities
- authority is eroding
- authority on smth
- authority seeping away
- authority to do smth
- authorities external to the UN
- by smb's authority
- central authority
- centralized authority
- civil authorities
- colonial authorities
- competent authorities
- complaints authorities
- complete authority
- constitutional authority
- coordinating authorities
- customs authorities
- decision-making authorities
- declining authority
- defect of authority
- defense authorities
- delegated authority - education authorities
- exclusive authority
- executive authority
- federal authorities
- final judicial authorities
- full authority
- generally recognized authority
- good authority
- great authority
- harbor authorities
- health authorities
- higher authorities
- immigration authorities
- in defiance of the authorities
- indisputable authority
- interim authority
- International Atomic Energy Athorities
- investigating authorities
- irrefutable authority
- irreparable blow to smb's authority
- law-enforcement authorities
- lawful authority
- LEA
- leading authority
- legal authority
- legislative authority
- legitimate authority
- local authorities
- Local Education Athorities
- man of authority
- man set in authority
- military authorities
- ministerial authority
- monetary authorities
- moral authority
- municipal authorities
- occupation authorities
- occupying authorities
- on one's own authority
- on smb's authority
- on the highest authority
- open connivance of the authorities
- original classification authority
- parliament's authority
- police authorities
- policy-making authorities
- political authority
- port authorities
- presidential authority
- provisional authority
- public authority
- regional authorities
- reliable authority
- respected authority
- responsible authorities
- reviewing authorities
- royal authority
- state authority
- statutory authority
- supervisory authorities
- supreme authority
- transfer of authority
- under the authority of smb
- unimpeachable authority
- unlimited authority
- unquestioned authority
- water authorities
- weakening authority
- wide authority
- with the authority of smb
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